In this short post I will show you how you can quickly add a range of IPs on any RedHat based system (Rhel, Centos, Fedora, etc). When you have to add many IPs to a system this can be quite handy and save a lot of time.
Normally when you add a new IP to a network interface in a RedHat based system you create a file ifcfg-eth0:x in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/. For example:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:0
DEVICE=eth0:0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.0.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=192.168.0.0
BROADCAST=192.168.0.255
TYPE=Ethernet
Similar to the above example you can create several aliases. But what if you have to add a lot of IPs that are in a range like this? Let’s say that I want to add 100 IPs this way… this is possible, but not very effective, right? RedHat based systems offer a method to bind a range of IPs in a quick way allowing us to eliminate the need to create a lot of files and saving us time doing this.
Create a file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0-range0 if this doesn’t exist, or just add to it if you already have it, the following lines:
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0-range0
IPADDR_START=192.168.0.100
IPADDR_END=192.168.0.200
CLONENUM_START=0
where: IPADDR_START is the first IP and IPADDR_END is the last IP in the range. CLONENUM_START is the number that will be assigned to the first IP alias interface (eth0:0 in this example).
If you need to add more ranges of IPs then just use a different file for ex. ifcfg-eth0-range1, for each one of the ranges. You need to be careful and use the proper CLONENUM_START to not overwrite other aliases. Once you have configured the range/s of IPs you just need to restart the network service in order to activate it:
service network restart
Note: don’t use this method on a CPanel based system. Even though this will work fine, it is better to use CPanel/WHM in this case so CPanel can manage all the IPs properly. Here is a short post on how you can do the same thing ‘CPanel way’.
Jumat, 27 Juli 2007
Linux Tips: How to quickly bind a range of IPs on RedHat based systems
Senin, 09 Juli 2007
Rumor Alert: New ‘PSP2′ arriving right after E3?
Evenin’ ladies and gents, Frozencry here. I’d like to inform you all of some ‘info’ I’ve stumbled upon from a very big gaming retailer which I will not name. It relates to the rumoured new PSP in the works. In fact, it looks like some damned solid evidence that the PSP2 is not only a reality, but it should be arriving VERY soon; as in, sometime right after E3.
The info came about when the retailer I work for was low in stock for PSP units. So curiously, we inquired about it to our Head Office, and our answer? It went something along the lines of “There will be no more issues of the PSP, as we are currently awaiting for restock of a new PSP model.” Now, If that isn’t some damned solid proof that a new ‘PSP2′ is in the works, I don’t know what is.
Nonetheless, we shall see in a few days, as the behemoth that is E3 is almost upon us. Let the rumours and speculations and all that mumbo jumbo begin.
Source : http://neogamer.net/2007/07/08/rumor-alert-new-psp2-arriving-right-after-e3/
Installing VMware Tools in Fedora Core 6
# Install software called by by VMware Tools
yum install gcc
# Install kernel header files
yum install kernel-devel
# Check it matches the running kernel
uname -r # running kernel
rpm -q kernel-devel # installed kernel headers
# It the two versions do not match, run
yum -y upgrade kernel kernel-devel
# then reboot (but only if they did not match).
# Find out where the kernel headers are
ls -d /usr/src/kernels/$(uname -r)*/include
# You may need this later.
# If you already have VMwareTools-5.5.2-29772.tar.gz on disk, SKIP THIS STEP!
# Download VMware-workstation-5.5.2-29772.tar.gz from vmware.com
# Extract the VMware Tools iso from it
tar --strip-components=3 -zxvf VMware-workstation-5.5.2-29772.tar.gz
vmware-distrib/lib/isoimages/linux.iso
# Create a temporary mount point
mkdir /mnt/vmtools-temp
# Mount the image
mount -o loop linux.iso /mnt/vmtools-temp
# Copy VMware Tools from the mount
cp /mnt/vmtools-temp/VMwareTools-5.5.2-29772.tar.gz /tmp/
# Unmount the image and tidy up
umount /mnt/vmtools-temp
rmdir /mnt/vmtools-temp
rm linux.iso
# Unpack VMware Tools to a temporary directory
cd /tmp/
tar zxvf VMwareTools-5.5.2-29772.tar.gz
cd /tmp/vmware-tools-distrib/
./vmware-install.pl
# Do you want to run vmware-config-tools.pl? yes
# Fix xorg config
# If when you (re)start X, you get the error "Undefined Monitor "vmware"..":
vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf
# Add the lines
Section "Monitor"
Identifier "vmware"
EndSection
# To add better mouse support, add the lines
Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse0"
Driver "vmmouse"
Option "Protocol" "Auto"
Option "Device" "/dev/input/mouse0"
EndSection
# then find the "ServerLayout" section, and in that section, add the line
InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer"
# TODO fix vmhgfs compile (currently broken)
# TODO fix fast ethernet driver compile (currently broken)
# TODO copy and paste broken
Selasa, 03 Juli 2007
Options in OpenOffice.org Calc
By Bruce Byfield on Thu, 2007-06-28 15:30.
Like other OpenOffice.org applications, Calc has several dozen options in how it is formatted and operates. These options are available from Tools -> Options -> OpenOffice.org Calc. Thanks to OpenOffice.org's habit of sharing code between applications, some of the tabs for these options resemble those found in other OpenOffice.org applications. Others are unique to Calc and the business of spreadsheets. Either way, the more you know about Calc's options, the more you can take control of your work.
A survey of options
Several of the tabs in the Calc options are similar to the ones for other OpenOffice.org applications. The Grid tab sets options for a background grid, although, in Calc, you can often use cell borders instead for positioning objects like charts and graphics. Similarly, the Changes tab, where options are set for revision and multiple authoring, resembles the one in Writer in functionality, lacking only the accompanying illustrations. The Print tab may also be familiar, although under-populated with options, since spreadsheets are mainly online documents, and options for printing are contained in the Sheet tab for Calc page styles. However, one option that you may want to take note of is Print only selected sheets, which you can use by selecting Sheet tabs at the bottom of the editing window while pressing the Ctrl key.
The first place where most people will want to spend more time is the General tab. There, you can customize some of the basic behavior of Calc. Most people, I suspect, will want to set Calc to update links whenever they open a file unless they are using an older and slower computer. Conversely, few are likely to want to use printer metrics for text unless they have an older printer with embedded fonts that they choose to use or a printer that uses a non-standard formatting language. However, the options to expand formatting can be useful, and so can the option to expand references in formulas (that is, to automatically update them) when new rows or columns are added -- especially in spreadsheets that are constantly being altered or edited.
Options to highlight the headers of selected rows and columns and to show a warning when pasting data are enabled by default in most versions of OpenOffice.org, and should probably be left untouched when they are. But it's probably up to your work habits whether you customize how the cell selected shifts when you press the Enter key, or whether you use the Enter key to enter Calc's edit mode.
The next stop for most should be the View tab. One of its most practical uses is speeding up redraws and file opening on older computers by suppressing the display of different objects. Other options on the View tab are largely customizations. For instance, you might choose to go to the Window pane of the tab to turn off various widgets in the editing window, or to change the default color of cell borders or the size of the handles for manipulating selected objects. You can also choose whether zero values are displayed, or an indicator for notes. Long-time spreadsheet users have the option of having cell content that takes up more space than the cell's dimension display on top of adjacent cells -- although, with Calc's options for line wrap, there is really no need to endure this anachronism unless you like it.
Perhaps the most practical option on the View tab is Display -> Value highlighting, which changes the color of cell borders according to color. When this option is active, text cells are outline in black, numerical cells in blues, and cells with formulas or dates in green. And if you like value highlighting, you will almost certainly want to be sure that Show references in color is also selected, so that the cells that provide input into a formula are highlighted when the formula is selected -- although you can get the same effect only when desired by choosing Tool -> Detective.
Sort Lists is a less commonly used tab, but it can be a powerful one if you go to the trouble of customizing it. A sort list is a reoccurring pattern of cell contents, such as the days of the week or the months in the year (the default entries are for both, either in three letter abbreviations or with full names). You can add your own sort lists to the defaults, such as the names of people whose names will reoccur in a task list, or a pattern of numbers, such as counting by threes. If you type any item on the list, then drag vertically or horizontally on the lower right corner of the cell, you can immediately fill adjacent cells with other items in the list, repeating the items in the same order as often as necessary. Alternatively, when you select Data -> Sort, you can select a sort list as a custom sort order on the Options tab of the Sort window, the feature that gives sort lists their name.
All these options are potentially useful (at least to someone) but by far the most useful option tab for Calc users is Calculations -- calculations, after all, being what spreadsheets are mainly about. On this tab, you can set the default date format, as well as the number of times an iterative formula is run. Other options set whether Calc is case-sensitive when dealing with text, and whether Calc attempts to identify row and column labels when dealing with ranges of data.
However, the options with the farthest reaching consequences on the Calculations tab are Decimal Places and Precision as shown. Both can strongly affect the results you get when using Calc. As the name implies, the Decimal Places option sets the number of decimal places displayed in formula results. What is potentially confusing is that formulas are calculated with the full values, but that Calc may only display results rounded to the number of decimal places set. The default of two decimal places is enough for most users, but, if you don't know the difference between the values used for calculation and those for display, you may get frustrated by the apparent inaccuracy. All you need to do, though, is to change the number of decimal places displayed to get more accurate results.
Under this arrangement, the Precision as shown option can either be a helpful simplification or else a source of further error. If the option is selected, then subsequent calculations will use the rounded values displayed, not the numbers actually used in the original calculation. Given several generations of formulas, the inaccuracy caused by this option can mount steadily. For this reason, no doubt, Precision as shown is turned off by default, so that spreadsheets maintain the difference between the displayed and actual numbers.
Conclusion
Many users, especially new ones, can ignore the options in Calc. Which ones are turned off by default may vary slightly depending on whether you download OpenOffice.org from the project itself or get it through your distribution, but, in all cases, the choice of options is generally sensible for the majority of users. However, if you want to customize Calc to suit your work habits, desire more efficiency, or simply need to track down the source of some unexpected Calc behavior, take the time to familiar yourself with them. You may find just the settings you need to make your life easier.
Bruce Byfield is a computer journalist who writes regularly for Datamation, Linux.com, and Linux Journal.
Linux from Kindergarten to High School
Source :
http://www.linuxjournal.com
As the bell rings to begin class at Greater Houlton Christian Academy, enthusiastic students sit down at their shiny, new computer workstations. In one corner, the red cabinet housing the server hums quietly as two stuffed penguins look on fondly from their perch. Other penguins keep watch from different locations as the students enter their user names and passwords to access their accounts. Ask a student who ``Tux'' is, and he or she will point to the large penguin painted on the front wall of the computer lab and say, ``He's the Linux penguin!'' About this time KDE has loaded, and young boys and girls are opening the application they need for class as easily as kicking a ball.
Figure 1. First graders learning some penguin art fundamentals.
Now for a little history. Greater Houlton Christian Academy (GHCA) is a private school and nonprofit organization in Maine. As such, it does not have the same access to funding as the public school system. As the computer science teacher and system administrator, this means I have to be creative about providing our students with computer technology while working with a tight budget. In the past I relied on area businesses and generous individuals to donate their used computers. While these donations were a great blessing to us, they were a temporary solution at best.
Last year it became quite evident that we would need to replace our old, secondhand computers running Windows 95. The decision to move from donated computers to new computers was based on many factors, though our primary goal was to make sure our students had the best technology available for the enhancement of their educational experience. Therefore, this would be a software upgrade as well as a hardware upgrade. In fact, choosing the software was by far the bigger challenge.
Interestingly enough, it was during this time that many schools in the western US were being audited by Microsoft concerning the school's use of Windows and Office software. I began to realize my ignorance concerning exactly how strict and inflexible the Microsoft EULA is. It was also during this time that Microsoft's new licensing initiative, called Software Assurance, was causing quite a stir in the tech headlines. As my research opened my eyes to the various limitations to proprietary software, I began to think that the answer for us might be found in open-source software.
The decision to switch to an open-source platform for our new computer lab was not an easy one. My experience was with DOS and various versions of Windows and not with UNIX-compatible operating systems. I had experimented with Linux a few years earlier but found it somewhat difficult and incomplete. Because some time had passed, I decided to give Linux another try. Going with Mandrake's 8.0 distribution, I installed Linux at home to see if it could replace Windows in a desktop environment. To my amazement, I found Linux to be much more capable this time around. I was one step closer to making my decision to switch our computer lab to the Linux OS.
Other factors went into the final decision to go with open-source software, not the least of which was cost. By purchasing bare-bones computer ``kits'', we were able to save considerable money on the hardware. Part of the savings in purchasing a bare-bones system is that the computer does not come with an operating system. We knew by then we would have to spend more money on software than we did on hardware if we went with Microsoft. Not only would I need to consider the initial purchase of the operating system and application software, but I would also need to factor in the costs of upgrading our software every couple of years. Needless to say, going with an open-source platform would save us considerable money now and in the future.
Another key issue was flexibility. As many of you know, it takes time to install an operating system, customize it for the particular hardware it runs on and install the desired applications. Having purchased 20 new, identical computers, it made sense to completely configure one machine and then clone the hard drive to the other 19 computers. However, Microsoft's EULA prevents a user from doing this, even if they have 20 copies of Windows. Not only would Linux save me considerable time by allowing me to clone my configured PC, it also gave me great flexibility in the degree to which I could customize the OS for the hardware. By recompiling the kernel to take advantage of our specific hardware, I could fine-tune the OS to run at peak performance. Linux would even save us money in the cloning process, thanks to the dd command.
A few aspects, however, made the decision to switch to Linux a difficult one. The smaller software base to choose from and the lack of mature drivers for our hardware were among the lesser obstacles. The major obstacle was my own lack of experience with the Linux OS. In fact, most of the money and time spent in the software upgrade of our computer lab was for a shelf full of books I had to purchase and read to really feel confident using and teaching Linux. It isn't always easy to teach an old dog new tricks, but I found the experience one of the most challenging and rewarding experiences of my IT career.
Today our private school of over 170 students has one of the finest computer labs in Maine. We have 20 computers with Athlon 1600+ XP processors, 128MB of RAM, 20GB hard drives and all the accessories--3-D graphics, sound, 17" monitors and 100Mbps Ethernet networking. Our computers run Mandrake Linux 8.2 with KDE 3.0.2. What is most amazing is we upgraded our computer lab for under half the cost of what many neighboring schools paid for inferior equipment. Most of this savings was the result of switching to Linux.
Our servers also run Linux. Using NFS, students can access their accounts from any computer in the lab. Student- and staff-owned files are backed up on a daily basis, so gone are the days of ``the computer lost my homework.'' Our proxy server runs Squid to help speed our wireless internet connection to 20 workstations, and we use proxy software along with iptables to provide firewall protection. A nice program called Dansguardian provides filtering to protect our children from pornography and other inappropriate content.
Many of you may be asking at this point, ``How do you use Linux in teaching your students?'' GHCA is a K-12 school, and so we strive to offer some level of computer training for each grade. Kindergarten students, for example, can use such programs as Potato Guy to practice hand-eye coordination and familiarize themselves with how to use a mouse to manipulate objects on the computer screen. Elementary and secondary teachers integrate the computer lab into their curriculum by using the computer for research, multimedia enhancements or even something simple as coloring digital pictures.
Figure 2. Potato Guy develops mouse skills.
Starting with grade seven, education in computer science takes a more formal approach. Seventh graders are taught keyboarding skills using programs such as KTouch and TuxTyping. Grade-eight students are taught the basics of programming with the kate editor and yabasic interpreter. It is during this class that students gain a better understanding of how computers process instructions.
Figure 3. Students learn touch typing with KTouch.
Computer Fundamentals is a one-credit course that introduces the ninth-grade student to ``how a computer works'' and ``how to work a computer''. During the second semester, students learn about the purpose and use of the operating system and various applications, such as word processors, spreadsheets and web browsers. Because our computers run Linux, it is the Linux OS and open-source software that students learn in this class. Being sensitive to the fact that Microsoft currently dominates the PC market in corporate America, I do spend time discussing the similarities and differences between Linux and Windows.
Tenth- through twelfth-grade students can chose from a variety of computer electives, including how to upgrade and repair computers, web site design, advanced programming and even an upcoming course in robotics. In making the switch to Linux, I easily found all the tools needed to teach these courses using open-source software. In many cases, the open-source software we now use is superior to the proprietary software originally donated to us.
This is our first year with our new computer lab, and I am very pleased with how it is progressing. One of the most pleasing experiences I am having as a system administrator of a Linux-based lab is the actual ease of administration. Once I set something up in Linux, I rarely need to worry about it again. This was not the case with Windows. Last year we were constantly suffering from system crashes, frozen servers, strange bugs and the infamous ``blue screen of death''. Needless to say, it was a frustrating situation for many students. While Linux is not bug-free, it has been a far more stable operating system for both our workstations and servers. Linux also has shown itself to be a much more versatile operating system to administer in a network environment. My job is more pleasurable thanks to our switch to Linux.
As a teacher of computer science, I am finding this year a fascinating test for Linux. Very few of our students, parents or teachers knew what Linux was before this year. I have actually found this to be a great advantage in teaching computers. In the past, I have found students to be disinterested in learning about the personal computer running Windows, because it is something most of them grew up with at home. This lack of interest made it more difficult to teach the more-advanced aspects of the operating system. However, Linux is something completely new, different and unexplored. Instead of being intimidated by the change, as many adults might be, young people are excited to explore the ``uncharted territory''. This opens a door for me as a teacher, allowing me to educate eager minds in the more-advanced aspects of computer operating systems and software. In fact, it only took two weeks until students began to ask me, ``Where can I get Linux?''
People sometimes ask me, ``Is teaching our students Linux preparing them for the workplace?'' This question is based on the fact that Microsoft is the current dominating presence in operating systems and office software. It is a question I have thought over a long time, and the answer I always come up with is, ``Yes, most definitely.'' The basic principles of any type of operating system, office application or other similarly grouped software are the same. A student who becomes proficient in Linux will not find themselves lost in a Windows environment. I have found Linux to be the more advanced of the two operating systems, yet our students are very quickly and easily learning it. The process of copying a file or formatting a paragraph is not so different between one operating system and the other. The important thing is we are able to offer the latest in hardware and software tools to train our students in these fundamental principles--something we could not do if we went with proprietary software.
Another question that may be even more important to ask is, ``What is the future of Linux?'' When our students graduate a few years from now, will they enter a Microsoft-dominated workplace or will the tide have changed? Even in our small New England town of Houlton, Maine, businesses are beginning to look to Linux as an alternative to proprietary operating systems. These businesses will need qualified personnel familiar with the Linux operating system and open-source applications. Greater Houlton Christian Academy will be graduating young men and women who will be able to meet that need, a claim not many schools in our nation can currently make. In fact, some of our students may go on to write the future applications for Linux, giving back to the community that helped them during their school years.
For us, switching to open-source software running on the Linux operating system has been the right choice, allowing us to provide our students with modern equipment and software for a fraction of the cost of a computer lab running proprietary software. If Linux continues to grow in popularity and gain a foothold in the workplace, we will look back at our choice as one of the most important decisions we've ever made.
Michael Surran is the system administrator and computer science teacher at Greater Houlton Christian Academy (www.ghca.com) in Northern Maine. Michael enjoys church, outdoor adventures, target shooting, sci-fi, collecting penguins and his wife, Lisa, who also teaches at GHCA.
email: computerlab@ghca.com
Read More..Squid proxy How to filter or block a particular port
. I am using Debian stable Linux version and squid proxy server for our small software company. I need to block a port number 1234. How to filter a particular port?
A. You can easily filter any port with squid ACL (Access Control List).
ACL is used for defining an access List. When using “file” the file should contain one item per line By default, regular expressions are CASE-SENSITIVE. To make them case-insensitive, use the -i option.
Procedure to block a port
First open /etc/squid/squid.conf file# vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
Locate your ACL section and add configuration directive as follows:acl block_port port 1234
http_access deny block_port
http_access allow all
If you just want to skip a particular IP (192.168.1.5) try as follows:acl block_port port 1234
acl no_block_port_ip src 192.168.1.5
http_access deny block_port !no_block_port_ip
http_access allow all
Close and save the file.
Restart squid proxy server:# /etc/init.d/squid restart
Restrict ssh access using Iptable
Linux iptables firewall can be use to block or restrict access to ssh server. Iptables command is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IP packet filter rules in the Linux kernel. However, you can also use tcpd, access control facility for internet services.
Use iptables to Restrict ssh access
Following is simple rule that block all incoming ssh access at port 22iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 --sport 513:65535 -d 195.55.55.78 --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j DROP
However in real life you need to use something as follows. Let us assume that your ssh server IP address is 195.55.55.78, remember ssh server use TCP port 22 for all incoming connection. With iptables you can block all incoming connection at port 22 with following two rules:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 --sport 513:65535 -d 195.55.55.78 --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j DROP
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -s 195.55.55.78 --sport 22 -d 0/0 --dport 513:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j DROP
If you just want to deny access to group of IPS then you need to add following rules to your script:IPS="202.54.1.20 64.66.44.22 64.66.44.25"
for i in $IPS
do
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 -s $i --sport 513:65535 -d 195.55.55.78 --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j DROP
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -s 195.55.55.78 --sport 22 -d $i --dport 513:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j DROP
done
Add all of above rules to your iptables firewall shell script (do not type @ shell prompt)
See also:
Read More..
Apache redirect domain.com to www.domain.com
Q. What’s the best way to redirect domain.com to www.domain.com on the url address bar whenever someone omits or skip the www from domain.com? My site can be reached by two different URLs. For example http://domain.com/about/us.html and http://www.domain.com/about/us.html
How do I do configure Apache web sever vps for this task?
A. Apache (web server) 301 redirect is the most efficient and search engine friendly method for webpage redirection. You can place following code Apache’s httpd.conf vhost section or in .htaccess file.
$ vi .htaccess
Append following config code:
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^domain.com
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.domain.com/$1 [R=permanent,L]
Save and close the file. Above code will redirect users to www.domain.com url.
If you get stuck on something or have a question please discuss this faq/howto in the nixCraft forum. You can subscribe to our free e-mail newsletter or RSS feed or Leave a reply/comment.You may also be interested in (skip to comment)...
- Apache prevent hot linking or leeching of images using mod_rewrite howto
- How do I find out syntax errors in my Apache web server configuration file?
- Forbidden - You don’t have permission to access this page error and solution
- How to install and start the Apache or httpd service under Linux
- My scripts in cgi-bin directory not working, how do I troubleshoot this problem?
Read More..
How do I backup Thunderbird mail and profile under Linux?
Q. How do I backup Thunderbird mail and profile? I am using Ubuntu Linux.
A. Thunderbird is simple to use and powerful email client with following features:
=> Safe, fast, and easy email
=> Intelligent spam filters
=> Quick message search
=> Customizable views etc
Mozilla thunderbird stores your email and profile setting in a special directory called ~/.mozilla-thunderbird i.e. /home/you/.mozilla-thunderbird/
All you have to do is backup this directory.
Task: Backup Thunderbird mail and profile
You need to backup thunderbird mail and profile to tape drive, use:# tar zcvf /dev/st0 /home/you/.mozilla-thunderbird/
You need to backup thunderbird mail and profile to a /backup directory:# tar zcvf /backup/email-vivek-22jan2007.tar.gz /home/vivek/.mozilla-thunderbird/
You can copy /backup/email-vivek-22jan2007.tar.gz file to a CD/DVD or USB pen.
Task: Restore Thunderbird mail and profile
Make sure Thunderbird is not running. Simply copy backup files from tape, USB pen or CD to your /home/you/.mozilla-thunderbird/ directory:$ tar –zxvf /backup/email-vivek-22jan2007.tar.gz -C /home/vivek
Or just copy all files from USB pen/CD to ~/.mozilla-thunderbird/ directory.
A note for Windows XP/2003/Vista User
MozBackup is a simple utility for creating backups of Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, Mozilla Suite and Netscape profiles.
This program is freeware and works on Windows 98/ME/NT/2000/XP/2003 only. No Linux/UNIX version exists.
Read More..
Howto install thunderbird-2.0.0.0.tar.gz in Linux
Q. I would like to install latest and greatest Mozilla thunderbird mail client under Linux?
How do I download and install the same to read emails?
A. Mozilla’s Thunderbird 2 email application is more powerful than ever. Thunderbird 2 features many new enhancements to help you better manage your unruly inbox, and stay informed. Thunderbird 2 scales to the most sophisticated organizational needs while making it easy to find what you need.
Download thunderbird to your Linux desktop
=> Visit this site to download thunderbird
Thunderbird 2.0 installation - Just untar file and install it
Let us say you would like to install thunderbird in your own home directory called /home/jerry/. Open X terminal and type following command.
Copy your downloaded file to /home/tom/ and untar it:$ cp /home/jerry/Desktop/thunderbird-2.0.0.0.tar.gz .
$ tar -zxvf thunderbird-2.0.0.0.tar.gz
And you are done. Start thunderbird:$ cd thunderbird
$ ./thunderbird
How do I install thunderbird for everyone?
Install thunderbird in /opt directory. Login as root user:# cd /opt
# mkdir thunderbird
# cd thunderbird
# cp /home/jerry/Desktop/thunderbird-2.0.0.0.tar.gz .
# tar -zxvf thunderbird-2.0.0.0.tar.gz
To start thunderbird, enter:$ /opt/thunderbird/thunderbird &
How do I create thunderbird icon on my desktop?
Right click on your Linux desktop
Select Create Launcher
Fill the details as follows:
- Set name to : Thunderbird
- Set command to : /opt/thunderbird/thunderbird
- Set comment to : My Email Client
- Hit OK to create an ICON
Read More..
Trying To Cheat Google Adsense ?
Have you been planning to earn $$$ in easy way cheating Google Adsense? If yes, then i warn you about the consequences. If you made the idea to cheat then please stop it and read the rest of this post to avoid being banned.
You can't and you shouldn't do it because Google knew almost everything.
Google will use it for determining and detecting any cheating :
IP Address
If the AdSense click is originated from the same IP Address as the one used for accessing your AdSense account, your account is flagged.
Cookies
Most home users do not use static IP Address for Internet connection. In most cases just disconnect and reconnect will give you a new IP Address. But don't forget, Google has set cookies on your computer.
Other Google Services
Thinking that you are safe just because you do not access your AdSense account? Think again. This time, consider these: GMail, Google Earth, Google Calendar, Google Search, Google Toolbar, Google Talk, Google Sitemap, Google Desktop, Blogger, and so on, and so on. With the wide range of services they provide, Google can trace the originator of most (or probably almost all) clicks.
Click Pattern 1
Oh, why this computer / IP address / person is so trigger-click-happy on this particular website but never click on the ads on other sites?
Click Pattern 2
And why is it that people accessing these sites direct (type-in URL or from bookmark) tend to be very active ad-clickers compared with those referred from search engine or other sites?
Click Pattern 3
And why the ad-clickers like to hit and run, compared with non ad-clickers that surf a few pages before leaving?
Click-Through-Rate (CTR)
Your CTR may range from 0.5% to 10%, but if it exceeds a certain point (probably around 10%), you are flagged.
Geo-Location
Used Urchin (Google Analytics) before? Then you should know that Google can trace traffics origin down to the small town. Different IP doesn't mean much. Unless you site is really targetted to one small geo-point, a high number of clicks from nearby location will get you banned quickly.
Hardware address?
MAC address of the LAN card, modem, and router works almost like a fingerprint. I'm not sure if Google can track this, but probably they do. They have rocket scientist, remember?
Advertisers conversion rate
Ad click is one thing. But does it bring value to the advertisers? If none of the clicks on your site translate to conversion to the advertiser, you are in trouble. First the Smart-Pricing hits, then your AdSense account disabled.
Search Engine Ranking
Your website is not indexed on any search engine, not linked by any prominent website, but get consistently high traffic? That sounds like something is in play. Regardless of whether it is an adware-embedded software, spam, trojan clickbot, or intentionally installed click-exchange network, it doesn't sound right.
Webpage design
How about the "click here" or "support us"? Google has the best search engine in the world. Is it really that hard to find those words?
Combo
Each of these detection methods might seem rather weak. But combine them together, and not many click-fraud can pass-through these filters. Even the smartest clickbot will have a hard time.
If you must cheat with AdSense don't do it this way.
Apparently a man in California has allegedly been trying to defraud Google first by writing a program which created fraudulent AdSense clicks. Then he tried to sell his program to web publishers. Did he use AdWords to promote it I wonder?:-
Headline: Cheat the AdSense system
Body1: How to cheat AdSense & steal money
Body2: from Google & advertisers.Info here
URL: www.AdSenseFraud.com
Not finding many buyers - did his ad go to the wrong landing page? - he eventually hit on the bright idea of blackmailing Google instead to the tune of $150,000.
Oddly enough he didn’t get away with it.
IMHO if you’re going to blackmail Google you at least ought to be talking real money rather than stuff under the $million mark.
He doesn’t sound too smart to me but this must be the nightmare scenario for Google and its AdSense program: as soon as stories get out about people successfully cheating the AdSense system, advertisers will take fright and Google, alongside the hundreds of thousands of publishers who rely to a degree on AdSense income, will find a revenue stream under threat.
Next threat: clicking circles: "I’ll click yours if you click mine."
How to Cheat Google AdSense (and get your AdSense account disabled)
- by Fernando Hal
Face it. You come to this article probably thinking to find some ways to cheat Google, or to confirm whether some method you have on mind will work. Well, if you want to know how to cheat AdSense, here are the ways, focusing on the AdSense click-frauds. These covers from basic AdSense cheating techniques to the advanced class.
But before you proceed, you might need to know why you shouldn’t cheat Google (answer: you will get caught).
1.
Basic clicker cheat
This is a noob. This guy knows almost nothing about web technology or network architecture. He clicks on his ads every time he has chance. It can be a few clicks to hundreds of clicks daily. Most likely he doesn’t even read the AdSense Program Policies and Terms and Conditions.
2.
Proxy clicker cheat
She knows a thing or two about cookies and IP address. Or she doesn’t know, but somehow guessed that if she use the things called anonymizer, Google will not be able to trace her, because her identity is hidden. She may use anonymizer / proxy websites or specialized anonymous software like tor (The Onion Router).
3.
Multiple computer clicker cheat
He knows that somehow Google will detect if the clicks are originated from his own computer. So he will try to even out origin of the clicks. He will recruit his friends, family members, relatives, neighbors, his cats, and his dogs on single mission: to click on the ads. He will also click on the AdSense ads when he is using the library computers, or his office workstation.
4.
Software clicker cheat
Graduate to the next step is buyers of clickbots / click-bots. These are specialized robot software to click on AdSense ads. It will browse around your websites, clicking on the ads every few minutes. The more advanced ones will cloak the IP address too, so the website seems to be very popular worldwide. To cover the track, this clickbots will browse around the advertisers sites too while continuing its “click quest”.
5.
Paid-clickers cheat
If you don’t like automated things, there is always other option for you. Just pay $50 dollars a month to the professional AdSense clickers. These are groups of highly specialized Internet surfers with office in the dark rooms in street corners of India, Pakistan, and China, helping AdSense account owner to earn good amounts of money � before the AdSense account is disabled, that is. They will browse around your websites, clicking on the ads every few minutes. Because they use human eyes, they know which ads worth more. And to be more convincing they can click a link or two, or sign up free offers / newsletters on the advertiser sites.
6.
Click-rings cheat
Network is power. So says many business gurus. Instead of taking things to their own hand, this people realize that they can join hands with those with similar goals and distribute AdSense clicks among themselves, the so called AdSense click-rings. Joining this click-ring network means that your website address will be made known to members, who will regularly browse the website and click on your AdSense ads. In exchange, you will also browse other members’ sites and click on their AdSense ads. The medium used varies. Some click-ring groups use mail-list for communications. Some are using bulletin boards/forum, Yahoo groups, or Usenet. IRC is another popular way. Slightly more complicated is specialized AdSense exchange software for collecting members website address and displaying others’ websites for clicking.
7.
Other medium cheat
I have tens of thousands email address on my newsletter subscriber list. If I include AdSense ads on my newsletters, with 5% CTR, I can get a thousand clicks per one email. Not bad. Or I can pay someone to write some useful/nice/funny/cute toolbars or firefox extensions or screensavers that people can download and use for free, and display my AdSense ads there.
8.
Visitor cheat
Simply putting “Visit out sponsors” or “Check out the ads above” on your website is cheating. This might not be very clear-cut cheat to some. But Google AdSense program policies has stated clearly, the only text allowed are “Advertisements” or “Sponsored List”
9.
Spam cheat
This is the highest level all click-frauds, the Maestro of Fraudsters. She spams millions of emails regularly, offering to “satisfy your inner needs if you can help me check on the links on my website”. Of course, email is not the only way. What IRC and instant messaging (IM) are for, after all. She will look for unsuspecting victims, offering something too-good-to-be-true “if only they will visit the website and click on the links”.
10.
Click-through-rate cheat
Whichever method(s) above used, there is one limiting condition: the CTR(click-though-rate). Any CTR that exceeds certain percentage (probably around 10%) will raise red flag in Google AdSense back room. To lower the CTR, the professional cheaters will create some pages on the same domain that attracts very high traffic. Some interesting freebies will sure do the tricks. AdSense code is pasted there, thus creating a very high page impressions. Whether or not the the ads are clicked does not matter anyway, because they are targeting low paying keyword that does not have much competition. The fake clicks are, of course, on where the big money is, the low traffic pages stuffed with high-paying keywords.
Disclaimer: I don’t say and don’t think that these methods will work. If you even need to read this article, there’s 99.999% chance you will get caught before you can even get your first paycheck. Your AdSense account will be disabled, and you get banned from ever applying for AdSense account again. To see what other ways you can do to get banned, see How To Get Banned From Google AdSense.
If you are not interested for getting banned, and just want to increase your AdSense earning, check out 100 Google AdSense Tips.
Rabu, 27 Juni 2007
How to Get Best Traffic
The future of online business rest in one word: traffic. No matter how great or sophisticated your website is, if nobody comes, your online business will fail.
To setup an online business and not get sales is a travesty. There is a lot of money to be made online. “Can you generate the hits to your site?” is the question entrepreneurs are asking and trying to answer.
Great Internet business come from everywhere: boardrooms or basements but it must be supported by loads of hits. Online is no difference from offline-it is all about customers hence you need a competitive advantage to succeed.
How does one become competitive? You need a position. This position is called the Unique Selling Proposition. It means the one thing your website stands for. It is the difference not the similarities with other websites.
Coca-Cola is known for the cola business. So, years ago, when it’s competitor Seven-up wants to advertise and promote itself, they called themselves “the uncola” and it immediately gave them positioning. Seven-up simply said, “Hey, we are not cola. We are the uncola.”
Positioning gives a business competitive advantage. It is a word or more that you plant into the customers mind. Rank Xerox is known for photocopier, FedEx for overnight delivery, Microsoft for Windows, Yahoo for emails, Google for search engine, Volvo for safety, Ebay for marketplace, Amazon for books, the American Army for war etc. It doesn’t mean these people will not sell something else but they are best known for one thing-the thing that will drive traffic.
To position yourself, take advantage of the areas your competitors have failed or ignored. That is, find a new and better way to do the same old business and turn it into a slogan. Visit http://superriches.com/linkdw.htm and download Secrets of billionaires-how to be super rich free and learn how to prosper a business.
Bright Johnson, a money writer and researcher, is the publisher of http://www.superriches.com
PHP, SEO, And Spiders - Oh My!
By: Ian Wilson
Dynamic database-driven sites have become very popular, and relatively easy to set up and administer, through the use of Content Management Systems (CMS) and PHP server-side scripting. It's also possible to create a fancy-looking site with little actual content, or automatically generated code that can harm your SEO, such as multiple URLs that display identical content.
Search engines are constantly evolving and adapting in response to changes in the way information is presented on the web. Strategies that were once necessary to ensure inclusion of PHP pages are no longer required.
It was once helpful to generate a static HTML version of a PHP page so that all the "includes" could be indexed. Now search spiders "see" all the content on a PHP page, the same way it is viewed in a browser.
It used to be prudent to avoid dynamic URLs containing "? & =" - now, the search engines list URLs with the dynamic variables. However, it is best to compose them with no more than three variables. Some variable-laden URLs may be listed, but without any accompanying content/description, in the search results... Stay tuned for further developments as the search engines refine their methods.
With many hosts running the popular Apache server, developers are expanding the use of PHP by modifying the .htaccess file to allow PHP code processing within HTML documents, and enabling shorter URLs with fewer variables by configuring httpd.conf. Your web hosting provider's support team should be able to tell you if these features are available for your site.
Implementing a common-sense approach to SEO for your PHP site requires cooperation and coordination among the developer, webmaster, and web host. Beware of "SEO Experts" with "secret methods" and "guaranteed results" - gimmicks that kludge the search spider today might hurt your ranking tomorrow.
A descriptive and catchy page title is one of the key elements of SEO - whether or not your site uses PHP - since it becomes the linked title of your search engine listing. Use the name of your site in the title to encourage branding, along with a brief capsule about the specific page. Remember that the title displays at the top of the browser window and in the menu bar, so keep it brief, less than 160 characters. Avoid using identical titles on multiple pages (this can easily happen with dynamically generated titles) because they may not be listed individually, and if they are listed separately, it's confusing. Meta tags for description and keywords have become less crucial to SEO - but that doesn't mean you should forget about them.
The basic principles of SEO that apply to static HTML sites also apply to dynamic PHP sites:
● Provide engaging and valuable content presented in an attractive design.
● Code should be error-free and standards-compliant.
● Use keywords appropriate to your subject matter - don't be tempted to use "tricks" that might end up hurting your search engine listing.
● Encourage repeat visits with frequent updates, interactive features, membership sign-up, opt-in newsletters and, if appropriate, "freebies" - contests, giveaways, downloads and other resources.
● Encourage linking to your site with copy & paste code. Reciprocal links build partnerships and enhance page rank, but avoid hosting bulky "link farms" and other venues for worthless web site spam.
● Make use of tools provided by the search engines, such as creating a sitemap.
● Educate yourself by reading the search engine faqs, as well as by perusing some independent forums for SEO tips and methods.
Here are a few resources for further information:
Optimizing Dynamic Content
http://www.highrankings.com/issue065.htm#seo
Building Dynamic Pages With Search Engines in Mind
http://phpbuilder.com/columns/tim20000526.php3
High Rankings(r) Search Engine Optimization Forum > Technobabble > Dynamically Generated Site Issues
http://www.highrankings.com/forum/index.php?s=c5e371a3bec60ac7e650447c430abfd4&showforum=25
Digital Point Forums > Marketing > Search Engine Optimization > PHP, HTML does it matter?
http://forums.digitalpoint.com/showthread.php?t=53280
Parsing PHP in .html Files
http://www.desilva.biz/php/phpinhtml.html
Article Source: http://www.freearticlesdirectory.com
Ian Wilson is a support analyst, specializing in coding and system administration, for Apollo Hosting. Apollo Hosting provides website hosting, ecommerce hosting, vps hosting, and web design services to a wide range of customers.
Link Exchange Directory: Start Building Your Link Popularity!
By: Ahmad M Bajeaifir
There are altered ways to become popular in bit and it is always an velvet to your commotion if you are popular. But lingo about the internet world, becoming popular
is some what different; here you need to be an expert to mark a presence. Just by making a website, you cannot expect business to flow, you need to be there in front
of the customers, and all this sounds really fascinating but to gain incoming traffic on the internet is a complex process.
Link building is one undifferentiated work that is constitutive by every website to neb adding to a hypothesis on the internet. Thus every website pacesetter saves some of his or her time to spent on building links to grow your market and circle in
which you do your business. It is something like a give and take strategy. You agree to put the link of a website on your home page and that website offers you the same
service. Thus if someone visits that website, your link will be visible to them. Hence you will be noticed by people not directly but indirectly, this is the magic
of link building.
To perform unrivaled
lucre out of the wed lean-to path you requisite introduce your web site with a genuine content full of keywords and a nice little description about
the feel of the website. A link exchange program gets off with your advertisement almost 200-300 words long. It must be a really informative & full of keywords. Try
to put the keywords in capital letters.
The three profitable entwine den columns include:
The Title, which is a point of your website.
Description: a exorbitant one with comely gravy of keywords.
Finally the URL
Once you are done with this, you gander for websites or dictionaries that entrust set-to affix with you. Some dictionaries and manage to this life as a selfsame link.
If you submit your link on a dictionary, then the dictionary will ask for a reciprocal link where the dictionarys link can be placed, this is actually your own URL. Once you fill the form in the dictionary, your link will be placed in it.
Remember to put your link in the appropriate category as almost every link building dictionary has categories. For instance of you are having a flower website, then
place your link in related category, like gifts or florists etc.
Finally your conjugate consign be uploaded and you commit these days demand with exorbitant traffic influx. This is what blend funny provides you, for love marketing.
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Ahmad M Bajeaifir is the author of this article on Link exchange directory. Find more information about Link exchange here.
Content Optimizes The Site Ranking
By: Ron victor
Search engine optimization plays a major role in the domination of the country. Nowadays, search engine optimization finds a good position in the market and most of the people started doing search engine optimization. Today, internet becomes the important tool for the business and most of the transaction is done through internet only. So, search engine optimization finds a good demand in the internet market. Nowadays, more number of website has been started by the webmaster to provide quantitative information regarding their business. Search engine optimization can be done in more method and things done for the website is said to be the search engine optimization. The most important and essential factor to be considered is providing adequate and relevant information regarding the site to the web searchers.
Providing adequate information and relevant information or content to the web searchers is the main objective of this search engine optimization. Content plays an important role in search engine optimization, because without content it is difficult for the web searchers to understand the matter. Most of the web searchers finds different types of information and when their search match your site, then your web site gets rankings in any of the algorithms like google, yahoo and msn. Generally, the web master who posses more knowledge and experience in search engines knows that, information or content with appropriate keywords plays an essential role. Search engine optimization cannot be done efficiently by all optimizers, only knowledgeable and experienced search engine optimizer can do effectively.
Web masters put more amount of information for the site, to facilitate the web searchers at the time of their search. When the web searchers search for any information in the net, they should have to obtain appropriate and relevant information for their search. When more and more amount of information is provided in the website, then more number of web searchers tries your search. When more number of web searcher reach the website, then that particular site finds good demand in the net. When proper keywords and key phrases are included in the content, then the site ranks for the insisted keywords and key phrases. When more number of web searchers clicks the site, then the site attains the top most position in the rankings. It is the hands of the web master to make the site ranking in any of the top algorithms.
The web searchers should have to know the needs and requirements of the web searchers and based on it, they try to provide information or content to the web searchers. The content provided by the webmaster should always relevant to your site and the searches of the web searcher. When your content does not relevant with site, then that particular finds difficult to rank. Proper keywords and key phrases should be insisted in the content in the correct manner, so that the site may rank immediately when it scrolls. Therefore content plays an important and essential role in top ranking of the website in any of the algorithms. Therefore relevant content with correct keywords insisted then the site will surely rank in the top position.
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Ron is a famous Copywriter of Search Engine Optimization. He written many articles about Seo Services India and India Seo Company . For more information about India seo services, search engine company and India Seo. Contact him at ron.seocopywriter@gmail.com
Why Choose a Core 2 Duo For Your CPU In Your New High End Computer ?
It must have been difficult for Intel to watch AMD's Athlon 64 and then the Athlon 64 X2 and FX pretty much take over the performance PC market, putting the once-untouchable chip giant into a position where its only competitive response was to cut prices. Those were dark days indeed. But now, with the release of the long-awaited codename "Conroe" -- the Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme processors -- Intel looks set to start a new age of desktop domination.
Most onlookers expected Intel to take back the performance crown from AMD, but few anticipated the sheer magnitude of this victory, or the nearly flawless style with which Intel performed it. And the Core 2 Duo is just the first strike in this battle, as Intel is also planning preemptive Pentium D price drops and has revamped its single-core Pentium 4 and Celeron D lines as well.
The Conroe excels in three areas, which add up to the very definition of what a current buyer expects from a top-end desktop CPU. These factors are price, performance, and power requirements, and the 65-nanometer-process Core 2 Duo and Extreme have surpassed their AMD counterparts in each, completing the same type of triple play that AMD had turned on the Pentium 4 and Pentium D.
The question of who's got the best performance is not even up for debate: The 2.93GHz Core 2 Extreme X6800 is the fastest desktop processor on the planet, and the 2.66GHz Core 2 Duo E6700 is not far behind. Even the next-step-down 2.4GHz Core 2 Duo E6600 is an outstanding desktop performer that can outpace AMD's flagship Athlon 64 FX-62 in most tests.
Power and cooling requirements are also extremely low -- the Core 2 Duo line offers the lowest power draw of any dual-core processor, with the Core 2 Duo Extreme not far off. Prices are also extremely competitive. In fact, it's amazing that for such a competitive price , the Core 2 Duo E6600 can outrun AMD's entire desktop lineup. The lower-end Core 2 Duo E6300 and E6400 models are even more affordable, although their 2MB instead of 4MB of Level 2 cache mean their relative performance isn't as high.
Intel has accomplished this via a drastic shift away from the Pentium's NetBurst technology. Conroe's next-generation core performs more instructions per clock cycle (IPC), rather than having a longer and potentially less efficient pipeline that can be clocked into the stratosphere. Core 2 processors' 2MB or 4MB of 256-bit L2 cache feature what Intel calls Advanced Smart Cache, dynamically shared between the two cores for maximum efficiency rather than chaining half the cache to each core.
With IPC levels exceeding those of AMD plus clock speeds up to 2.93GHz and a 1066MHz front-side bus, Intel has moved well ahead in the performance game despite sticking with traditional CPU and chipset architecture rather than AMD's on-chip-memory-controller approach.
The Conroe design also reflects a need to keep power requirements and heat production down via various power-saving technologies. Since the basic architecture will be shared through all of Intel's processor lines (except the Itanium), including upcoming mobile CPUs, this translates into very power-efficient processing.
The Core 2 Duo and Extreme processors may offer industry-leading performance, but Intel's SpeedStep technology ensures that the chips can ramp down the multiplier and reduce clock speed to conserve battery power and/or lower core heat levels.
Moreover, new Intelligent Power Capability can go beyond slowing the CPU as a whole to turning various core functions on and off as required. These power-saving techniques don't get in the way of outright performance, as the Conroe instantly jumps back to top speed when required.
Through the use of technical expertise obtained through advanced CPU server technology and exprertise Intel has leapfrogged once again to a combination of power , low energy use and heat production and reliability especially since with advances in CPU speed can disabling and damaging hear.
The Core 2 Duo CPUs should be a major consideration in your next high end computer purchase.
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Arthur Fellon Document Preparation. Ace Employment Service Agency artfellon@yahoo.com www.vintagecomputermanuals.com www.aceemploymentservices.net
Vintage Computers 8088, 286 , 386,486 ??
By: Maxwell Rubin
You may well have heard your uncle or father spouting odd numbers in their portrayals of their great computer expertise – 286, 386, and 8088 and on and on. Confused ? What do these numbers mean. After all I know are Pentium computers and perhaps a few other models such as Dell, IBM and Intel Duo Core. Processors. These model numbers refer to the lineage of Intel Central Processing Units (CPUs) that are found in modern
To begin with the 8088 is the oldest of the early PC central Processing Unit (CPU) variant models. which means a rectangular case with two rows of 20 pins. DIP stands for Dual In-Line Package. Older 80800 CPUs are called 8088-2. As they can only run at lower speeds (believe it not 5 MHz or slower compared to a now 4000 MHz computer). By the way the 8088 had the equivalent of approximately 27,000 transistors.
Competition from non IBM PC makers – “clone makers” who built computers out of the same components as “real” IBM PC. These hot rodders of their day souped up this first PC chip version to unheard of speeds It was not only computer speed that powered the sales growth for the clone makers. It must be remembered that pre IBM PC all of IBM’s computer hardware was made in house for IBM. The IBM PC – Personal Computer was remarkable in that most of the components were all third party – that is made by outside suppliers whose names Indeed the agreed to standards were often those developed already for products inn production. At the worst they were now IBM standardized. The die was set, when people such as Michael Dell realized that they could put together an IBM PC look-alike work alike and sell it for $ 3,000 rather than the approximate $ 10,000 for the authentic IBM PC they were off and running. Although it was often said of corporate buyers that “You can never go wrong buying IBM” for the then geeks and amateur computer users it was an entirely different business plan. They were referred to as “Turbo” PCs.
However it was not only cost that propelled the computer industry onwards. If it was not for the innovators – the clone maker’s engineers at such companies as Compaq Computer you might still be using that now primitive IBM PC running at 5 MHz. The Turbo PC/XT clones ran at the then unbelievable and unheard of speed of 6.6, 7.16 and even 8.0 MHz. Giant IBM the monolith computer industry leader was not only being made to look foolish with .the likes of Apple Computer in far away California but now that they had released their long heralded personal computer they were being upstaged on their own playing field.
I
Next in line along the route of vintage computer evolution was the 80286 chip. Designed by Intel in 1981 the 286 packed a wallop of more power that the 8088 did. The 80286 is the equivalent of about 130,000 transistors in the actual similar volume of the 8088’s 29,000 transistors. Not unexpectedly similar to the heat production problem of todays Pentium type computers extra cooling requirement is needed. We are left today in our modern computers with the benefits of the foresight of the electronic engineers of the day with the inventions of various types of heat sinks. Heat sinks one way or another are in effect radiators to dispel heat in a similar means and manner to you might have in your car.
Lastly came the 386 chipset which is the direct predecessor of our modern Pentiums.
The chip is properly called the 80386 by the still leading chip manufacture Intel. Introduced in 1985, the 80386 comes in a PGA package and is the equivalent of about 250,000 transistors. The 386 variants a wealth of programming features including the core vital ability to multitask DOS programs with the help of “hyerpervisor” programs like DesqView /386 or VRM/386. Its 32 bit data path speeds data access. Interestingly it took later hardware in the next 486 era chips to fully take broad scale advantage of these built in innovations.
Interestingly enough there was also a downsized less costly and powerful example sporting a similar moniker name of CPU called the 386SX. The 386SX was identical except to the real 386 version – the 386DX except for the vital fact that it had a 16 bit data path which it was said allowed it be more easily incorporated into earlier and less costly AT type 286 16 bit computer hardware. Imagine the confusion at the time in computer buyers who did not have access to ready information as we do today on the internet. Many people bought what they thought were an advanced 386 computer when in essence they had a much downsized version. Most likely they were more than impressed with their own research, computer buying and bargaining skills.
In the end though you get what you pay for. The fabled John Dvorak “Dvorak’s Law is that “No matter what they tell you your next computer will cost you...” At the time of the 8088 it was $ 10,000 then $ 5,000 $, $ 3,000, $ 1500 now $ 500- 800 perhaps.
In the end you get a tremendous amount for value for your money. Even though it may be said as well that you get what you pay for.
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Max Rubin Vintage Retro Computer Manuals www.adgerlinux.com www.bayareaword.com www.vintagecomputermanuals.com
Good Things To Know About Raid Data Recovery
By: Dalvin Rumsey
When it comes to the recovery of data from a hard disk, the best option for any firm is to use the Raid data recovery method. It is a very complex process that tries to repair the damage done by the client before sending the hard disk to the data recovery firm. It is never advisable for a user to try and recover the data himself. These clients may use certain system utilities tools in order to repair the array, but they may very often cause even more trouble. And, as when things go bad, they usually do when the data is critical, these hard disks should be directly taken to a firm that is specialized in data recovery. For example, previous happenings have showed that, when a RAID failure occurs and results in the loss of important data, somebody’s job is on the line! If the data is not recovered, then things get quite complicated, for the employee, as well as for the employer.
Therefore, the best action you can take in the situation of a Raid data recovery problem is to immediately send the hard disk to a specialized firm. Should a serious system failure occur, the whole pressure is transferred to the hard disk data recovery professionals. As the users are in the habit of starting troubleshooting processes in order to solve the problem, the data recovery experts must also repair the damage done by these processes, as they can make the data impossible to recover. The information involved in such a situation can cost many hundreds of thousands, possibly millions of dollars in labor and resources to create. This is the reason why the executives are not at all interested in finding out the cause of the failure, they just care about the fact that the server has crashed and that the problem must be immediately solved.
It is true that the Raid data recovery process can be pretty expensive, but in most cases it is nothing compared to trying to recreate the data that has been destroyed. Not to speak about the fact that getting the data back could be enough to save someone's job!
The procedures that Raid data recovery consists of start by making sure all of the drives are properly functioning. This may mean taking the physically damaged drives into the clean room and try to make all the necessary repairs, in order for them to normally function again. The hard disk data recovery technician then initiates a very low-level process that allows him to work around bad sectors of the disk. It is in fact making complete sector-by-sector clones of every drive. The original source drive is being put in a "write protect" mode, in order to protect the existing data during the cloning process. The actual recovery process is performed on these cloned copies!
There are many elements that dictate the high price of the Raid data recovery process: the file system, the total size of the damaged drives and the situation of failure. Therefore, the best thing you can do is avoid the damage and a job loss by backing up your data!
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Visit right now - Raid Data Recovery Specialists in Hard Disk Data Recovery, exchange server recovery and linux recovery.
Boost Your Career And Benefit From A Microsoft Certification Or Two Or Three!
By: James Croydon
You went to college and thought you were prepared for the job market. If you are going for entry-level work, yeah, you are prepared. However, to really get ahead, you need Microsoft certification, whether it is an MCP, MCSA, MCSE or any other string of letters. Quite a few people will go for multiple certifications to broaden their experience and scope of possible job opportunities.
Some of the Microsoft certifications require you have to have at least one year of practical experience in order to pursue a certification, namely an MCSE or Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer. It is important to have that experience that these certain certifications require because the training, like the MCSE training and the MCSE exams that follow, are very intense. In fact, some people will not only partake of the standard MCSE training, but also MCSE boot camps for more in-depth studies into their certification.
One standard benefit to having a Microsoft certification is that it is a great basic means of analyzing the aptitude of an employee. If you are a manager or owner in a business, you want some way to evaluate that employee’s skills. And if you are the employee, you know that your boss recognizes your abilities.
If you are on the hunt for a new job, then potential hiring managers and employers have a basis in which to assess your qualifications. Without that Microsoft certification on your resume, these employers would have no idea about your skills and most likely would consider someone else, someone with a certification, for the position you were aiming for.
If you do not have much hands-on experience in your field, but you do have the Microsoft certification to prove that you know the material, you would also have a leg up on anyone else applying for the same position that may have more hands-on experience, but no certification. For some reason, that certification, those little string of letters like MCP or MCSE, hold a lot of power.
Yet another benefit to holding a Microsoft certification or two is the money aspect of it all. Sure, you shelled out some major bucks to fund your education in those MCP courses or that MCSE training, but consider it an investment in yourself. With certification, you can bargain a higher salary and even reimbursement for your training!
Many professionals in the IT field or in a company in which you work in an IT department could benefit from Microsoft certification. Do you work as an Administrator for a network, mail or web server? Are you involved in the security of networks and the internet? Any of those positions and much more benefit with additional training and certification. Just think money! It is the biggest motivator. The more you know and can bring to a position, the more money you stand to make.
So think about going for your MCSE or MCP certification or any number of others available. More training; more knowledge; more money ... sounds like a no-brainer! Go nuts and get certified today!
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James Croydon, Microsoft Certified Professional and MCSE Certification Courses advisor - focusing on MCSE Certification and MCSE Online
Cisco CCNA / CCNP Home Lab Tutorial: Configuring An Access Server
By: Chris Bryant
As your CCNA / CCNP home lab expands, an access server such as the Cisco 2509 or 2511 is one of the best investments you can make. In this article, we'll look at the basic configuration for an access server and discuss how to connect to the other routers and switches in your pod through the AS.
Here's part of a configuration from one of my access servers:
ip host FRS 2006 100.1.1.1
ip host SW2 2005 100.1.1.1
ip host SW1 2004 100.1.1.1
ip host R2 2002 100.1.1.1
ip host R1 2001 100.1.1.1
ip host R3 2003 100.1.1.1
interface Loopback0
ip address 100.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
no ip directed-broadcast
This is an IP Host table, and this is what makes the entire AS setup work. Your PC will connect to the access server, and the access server is in turn physically connected to your other routers and switches via an octal cable. One end of the octal cable splices off into eight separate cables, each terminated with an Rj-45 connector. That connector will be placed into the console port of one of your home lab devices. In this configuration, I have connector 1 connected to the console port of R1, connector 2 to R2, connector 3 to R3, connector 4 to Sw1, and so forth. (The connectors are physically numbered as well.)
The IP Host table entries here are linked to the loopback address shown. The loopback can be any address, but it must match the address in the IP Host table. This allows you to create reverse telnet sessions to the routers and switches.
To open the reverse telnet sessions upon opening a connection to the AS, type the entire name of the device and press the enter key twice. A connection to that device will now be visible, as shown here:
Access_Server#r1
Trying R1 (100.1.1.1, 2001)... Open
R1#
To get back to the access server, use the key combination followed by pressing the "x" key. Keep doing this until you've opened a connection to every router and switch in your pod.
Once you've opened the lines, you will not use the full device name to connect to the home lab devices. You should press only the number corresponding to the reverse telnet session you opened. For instance, in this configuration I opened telnet session 1 to R1, session 2 to R2, and session 3 to R3. Once I opened those sessions, I just use those numbers to reconnect to the devices, as shown here:
Access_server#1
[Resuming connection 1 to r1 ... ]
R1#
Access_server#2
[Resuming connection 2 to r2 ... ]
R2#
Access_server#3
[Resuming connection 3 to r3 ... ]
R3#
If you type the full hostname again after initially opening the connection, you will see this message:
Access_server#r1
Trying R1 (100.1.1.1, 2001)...
% Connection refused by remote host
The connection is refused because you already have an open connection to that router.
There's one more important part of an access server config your CCNA / CCNP home lab will need:
line 1 8
no exec
transport input all
The line numbers may differ according to your access server, but "no exec" is very important here. This will stop rogue EXEC sessions from refusing connections that it shouldn't be refusing. Without this command, you'll commonly see "connection refused by remote host" when you shouldn't be. That message is the most common error you'll see on an access server, and it's there because you already have an open connection or you left "no exec" out of your configuration. "No exec" isn't mandatory, but it will help you keep your sanity!
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage , home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials! Pass the CCNA exam with Chris Bryant!
Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Route Summarization
By: Chris Bryant
Preparing to pass the CCNA exam and earn this important Cisco certification? Route summarization is just one of the many skills you'll have to master in order to earn your CCNA. Whether it's RIP version 2, OSPF, or EIGRP, the CCNA exam will demand that you can flawlessly configure route summarization.
Route summarization isn't just important for the CCNA exam. It's a valuable skill to have in the real world as well. Correctly summarizing routes can lead to smaller routing tables that are still able to route packets accurately - what I like to call "concise and complete" routing tables.
The first skill you've got to have in order to work with route summarization is binary math; more specifically, you must be able to take multiple routes and come up with both a summary route and mask to advertise to downstream routers. Given the networks 100.16.0.0 /16, 100.17.0.0 /16, 100.18.0.0 /16, and 100.19.0.0 /16, could you quickly come up with both the summary address and mask? All you need to do is break the four network numbers down into binary strings. We know the last two octets will all convert to the binary string 00000000, so in this article we'll only illustrate how to convert the first and second octet from decimal to binary.
100 16 = 01100100 00010000
100 17 = 01100100 00010001
100 18 = 01100100 00010010
100 19 = 01100100 00010011
To come up with the summary route, just work from left to right and draw a line where the four networks no longer have a bit in common. For these four networks, that point comes between the 14th and 15th bits. This leaves us with this string: 01100100 000100xx. All you need to do is convert that string back to decimal, which gives us 100 for the first octet and 16 for the second. (The two x values are bits on the right side of the line, which aren't used in calculating the summary route.) Since we know that zero is the value for the last two octets, the resulting summary network number is 100.16.0.0.
But we're not done! We now have to come up with the summary mask to advertise along with the summary route. To arrive at the summary route, write out a mask in binary with a "1" for every bit to the left of the line we drew previously, and a "0" for every bit to the right. That gives us the following string:
11111111 11111100 00000000 00000000
Converting that to dotted decimal, we arrive at the summary mask 255.252.0.0. The correct summary network and mask to advertise are 100.16.0.0 252.0.0.0.
For the CCNA exam, emphasis is put on knowing how to advertise these summary routes in RIPv2 and EIGRP. For both of these protocols, route summarization happens at the interface level - it's not configured under the protocol. On the interface that should advertise the summary route, use the command "ip summary-address". Here are examples of how the above summary route would be configured on ethernet0 in both RIPv2 and EIGRP.
R1(config-if)#ip summary-address rip 100.16.0.0 255.252.0.0
R1(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp 100 100.16.0.0 255.252.0.0
The main difference between the two is that the EIGRP command must specify the AS number - that's what the "100" is in the middle of the EIGRP command. Since RIPv2 does not use AS numbers, there's no additional value needed in the configuration.
For OSPF, the commands differ. If you're configuring inter-area route summarization, use the "area range" command; if you are summarizing routes that are being redistributed into OSPF, use the summary-address command under the OSPF routing process on the ASBR. Neither of these are interface-level commands.
I speak from experience when I tell you that practice makes perfect on the CCNA exam, especially with binary and summarization questions. The great thing about these questions is that there are no grey areas with these questions - you either know how to do it or you don't. And with practice and an eye for detail, you can master these skills, pass the exam, and become a CCNA. Here's to your success!
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage , home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials! Pass Pass the CCNA exam with Chris Bryant!
Selasa, 26 Juni 2007
How to Access Microsoft Word Last 10 Authors
By: Jon Rowe.
Computer forensic examinations and litigation support projects often rely on Microsoft Office file metadata. Metadata is information stored in a file that identifies key attributes of the file and can assist a computer forensic examiner and lawyers by establishing key findings in a case. It can assist with the timeline of events for a suspect.
The area of the file referred to as 'Last 10 Authors' is also called metadata, however, it isn't contained in the same area or accessible through the same applications as the other metadata fields. The last 10 authors/locations information can greatly assist computer forensic examinations and electronic discovery projects, however, it is important to know which software tools can access and scrub the last 10 authors information.
Many computer examiners and attorneys have found out the hard way that last 10 authors isn't normally extracted or displayed when using several popular computer forensic or electronic discovery processing software.
What is OLE stream metadata? OLE stream metadata is what is commonly viewed through a metadata viewer or sometimes extracted during electronic discovery and contain fields such as Title, Author, Date Last Printed, Date Last Saved etc. Because the last 10 authors is stored in a different location and not easily accessible this information isn't normally extracted during the electronic discovery process.
Many attorneys are concerned when they realize the information that is contained in their clients files in the last 10 author area. They become even more concerned when they realize their scrubbing software didn't eliminate the information in this area.
In a recent computer examination I was examining a USB drive which contained the current working files of the suspect. We were also provided access to a laptop which the suspect claimed was the only computer used in addition to the office computer.
We were a bit suspicious when we were told the laptop was used whenever the suspect wasn't in the office. Our suspicions were a result of determining the laptop was 5 years old and contained partitions that included DOS and Windows 3.1.
When we reviewed the last 10 authors information on dozens of current working files located on the USB drive we were able to determine that none of the files were created or recently modified on the laptop. In fact, we were able to determine the employee had access to two other systems which had been used to edit the working files.
It is important to also understand that the last 10 authors data is not only captured when a user clicks 'save' but Microsoft Word's autosave feature will intermintently save files and store the information in last 10 authors.
There are numerous examples of how the last 10 authors is used to win and defend cases. The savy attorneys and computer forensic examiners review this information when examinig their clients files or those produced by opposing counsel.
When selecting a vendor or software to scrub documents it is important to insure that the last 10 authors is removed during scrubbing. Not all vendors or software applications will identify and remove the last 10 authors data.
In summary, last 10 authors is referred to as metadata, however, it isn't accessible through most computer forensic software or electronic discovery application. Last 10 authors data can be viewed and scrubbed using applications from Pinpoint Labs (Pinpoint MetaViewer, MetaDiscover). There are a couple other applications, however, the applications from Pinpoint Labs can access and scrub the data without altering the file system timestamps and is significantly quicker than other applications reviewed.
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Pinpoint Metaviewer and MetaDiscover are available from Pinpoint Labs websiteMetadata Tools - Last 10 Authors
Don't reprint this article. Instead, reprint a free unique content version of this same article.
Data Backup Mediums
By: jake k forrester
Backing up your logical drives and partitions can be somewhat of a daunting task. It is much easier to have software do it for you. Just a few clicks of the mouse and your data is backed up all in one neat tidy little space on your hard drive. From there it can be passed on to a CD, USB storage device, or other form of data backup storage.
If you need plenty of storage space available for your data, you may opt to go with some less traditional means of data backup. This may include DVDs or an offsite server. Both provide large amounts of storage when compared to a CD which only holds around 800 mb. Of course USB sticks are coming down in price and available in large capacity form for very little money.
Tape drives were at one point the de facto standard in data backup devices, however now they are more for servers than home computer users. Because tape drives offer more space and can be erased and rewritten many times gives the person that is backing up the data peace of mind that he does not need change the disc or worry about if it will fit.
Of course when backing up your data, its important to know, what is actually a necessity to backup and what is basically garbage. For most users, photos and critical system files top the list. However every user is not the same. Lets say you are a videographer, some of your video files need to be saved or you could risk losing them. Or for a photographer, images or pictures can be lost. And for writers, Losing that masterpiece novel you’ve been working on for two years can’t be a good thing.
But what about critical system files? Do you know which ones you’ll actually need and which ones you do not? Most users don’t know. My recommendation would be to use a disk image manager that will record the entire hard disk in case something goes wrong. Be sure to read the documentation on how to recover from such an event. Because if something were to happen, you’ll need to know how to get what you’ve got backed up back onto your new hard drive.
Backup your data and keep it in a safe place. Once you’ve backed up all your data. Or the most critical files at least, you may need software to install everything back onto the new hard drive. That’s why it’s very important to keep this information handy and out of harms way.
If other people have access to the place you store your data backup, you may want to encrypt data on the backup device. There are many programs that are available to do this and most are not expensive. Some are even free! Just remember the password or you will not be able to access the data that backed up!
So in essence, how we backup is just as important as what we back up. For more on Data Backups
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
Find more data backup information at SXSecurity.com . This article on data backups was written by Jake Forrester of www.sxsecurity.com
Hard Drive Data Recovery Software!!
By: Kavya Rai
From: highergrnd
Everybody would love to make lots of money quickly, working from home, and only doing a few hours of work per week. I've spent the past two years trying to find a great way of doing this. Only over the course of the past few months have I found any "get rich quick" programs worth buying. I've been trying to make money online for a long time. I had a few small websites, but they never made much more than a few hundred per month. It was easy money and didn't require much work on my part, but I knew there were people out there doing better than I was and I knew I could do as well as them.
Now, I've seen a lot of "get rich quick" programs. Most of these people make claims about earning $2000/day with Google or something similarly insane. Almost all of these people are complete liars. Even if they were making $2000/day with Google AdSense, it'd be because they had high- traffic websites with a lot of quality content. I'd know, because in one whole month, I never even made half of what they promised I'd make daily with their programs. Maybe you've already been scammed by one of these fraudsters. Anyway, I finally got sick of what was being offered.
I decided I'd look through the all of the "get rich quick" programs I could find and see if there were any that were actually legitimate. I found that there were owners selling their programs for well over $100, but the information in them could be found almost anywhere online for free. Additionally, they all contained out-of-date information, had no e-mail support, no money back guarantees, and broken links in the downloads section.
In conclusion, almost all of the programs I found were completely useless. The owners knew it, but they couldn't care less about their customers since they didn't offer refund policies! Amazingly, while looking through all of the programs, I actually did find a few legitimate programs. They were run by ordinary people like you and me, and they had found some great methods of making money from their home by doing very little work.
I spent some time working with those programs, and my income is now ten times what it used to be. These programs provided a large amount of great information on how to make extra money on your computer doing very little work. Numerous customers had provided great feedback and reviews for their products. Many of them have started to make money just days after buying!
Their programs have excellent prices, and the authors have a group of paid staff who are dedicating to helping you or providing assistance if you need any. I must say I was amazed! If you do decide to purchase any of the programs listed below, I recommend you join quickly. Most of the owners tell me they are getting an overwhelming number of sales and plan on raising prices in the near future, so order while prices are still low!
To Your Online Success,
highergrnd
Article Source: http://www.marketingarticlebank.com
The programs have excellent prices, and the authors have a group of paid staff who are dedicating to helping you or providing assistance if you need any. I must say I was amazed! If you do decide to purchase any of the programs listed below, I recommend you join quickly. Most of the owners tell me they are getting an overwhelming number of sales and plan on raising prices in the near future, so order while prices are still low!
